South Dakota

State of South Dakota
Flag Seal
Nickname(s): The Mount Rushmore State (official)
Motto(s): Under God the people rule
Official language(s) English[1]
Demonym South Dakotan
Capital Pierre
Largest city Sioux Falls
Area  Ranked 17th in the U.S.
 - Total 77,116[2] sq mi
(199,905 km2)
 - Width 210 miles (340 km)
 - Length 380 miles (610 km)
 - % water 1.6
 - Latitude 42° 29′ N to 45° 56′ N
 - Longitude 96° 26′ W to 104° 03′ W
Population  Ranked 46th in the U.S.
 - Total 824,082 (2011 est)[3]
- Density 10.9/sq mi  (4.19/km2)
Ranked 46th in the U.S.
Elevation  
 - Highest point Harney Peak[4][5][6]
7,244 ft (2208 m)
 - Mean 2,200 ft  (670 m)
 - Lowest point Big Stone Lake on Minnesota border[5][6]
968 ft (295 m)
Before statehood Dakota Territory
Admission to Union  November 2, 1889 (40th)
Governor Dennis Daugaard (R)
Lieutenant Governor Matt Michels (R)
Legislature South Dakota Legislature
 - Upper house Senate
 - Lower house House of Representatives
U.S. Senators Tim Johnson (D)
John Thune (R)
U.S. House delegation Kristi Noem (R) (list)
Time zones  
 - eastern half Central: UTC-6/-5
 - western half Mountain: UTC-7/-6
Abbreviations SD US-SD
Website www.sd.gov

South Dakota (i/ˌsaʊθ dəˈkoʊtə/) is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States. It is named after the Lakota and Dakota Sioux American Indian tribes. South Dakota is the 17th most extensive, but the 5th least populous and the 5th least densely populated of the 50 United States. Once the southern portion of the Dakota Territory, South Dakota became a state on November 2, 1889. Pierre is the state capital and Sioux Falls, with a population of nearly 160,000, is South Dakota's largest city.

South Dakota is bordered by the states of North Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska, Wyoming, and Montana. The state is bisected by the Missouri River, dividing South Dakota into two geographically and socially distinct halves, known to residents as "East River" and "West River".[7] Eastern South Dakota is home to most of the state's population, and fertile soil in this area is used to grow a variety of crops. West of the Missouri, ranching is the predominant agricultural activity, and the economy is more dependent on tourism and defense spending. The Black Hills, a group of low pine-covered mountains, is located in the southwest part of the state. The Black Hills are sacred to the Sioux. Mount Rushmore, a major tourist destination, is located there. Other attractions in the southwest include Badlands and Wind Cave national parks, Custer State Park, the Crazy Horse Memorial, and historic Deadwood. South Dakota experiences a temperate continental climate, with four distinct seasons and precipitation ranging from moderate in the east to semi-arid in the west. The ecology of the state features species typical of a North American grassland biome.

Humans have inhabited the area for several millennia, with the Sioux becoming dominant by the early 19th century. In the late 19th century, European-American settlement intensified after a gold rush in the Black Hills and the construction of railroads from the east. Encroaching miners and settlers caused conflict that triggered a number of Indian Wars, ending with the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890. Key events in the 20th century included the Dust Bowl and Great Depression, increased federal spending during the 1940s and 50s for agriculture and defense, and an industrialization of agriculture which has much reduced family farming. While several Democratic senators have represented South Dakota for multiple terms at the federal level, the state government is largely dominated by the Republican Party, whose nominees have carried South Dakota in each of the most recent eleven presidential elections. Historically dominated by an agricultural economy and a rural lifestyle, South Dakota has recently sought to diversify its economy to attract and retain residents. South Dakota's history and rural character still strongly influence the culture of the state.

Contents

Geography

Main article: Geography of South Dakota

South Dakota is situated in the north-central United States, and is considered a part of the Midwest by the U.S. Census Bureau;[8] it is also part of the Great Plains region. The culture, economy, and geography of western South Dakota have more in common with the West than the Midwest.[7][9] South Dakota has a total land area of 77,121 square miles (199,740 km2), making the state the 17th largest in the Union.[2] Harney Peak, with an elevation of 7,242 ft (2,207 m), is the state's highest point, while the shoreline of Big Stone Lake is the lowest, with an elevation of 966 ft (294 m).[10] South Dakota is bordered to the north by North Dakota; to the south by Nebraska; to the east by Iowa and Minnesota; and to the west by Wyoming and Montana. The geographical center of the U.S. is 17 miles (27 km) west of Castle Rock in Butte County.[10] The North American continental pole of inaccessibility is located between Allen and Kyle, 1,024 mi (1,648 km) from the nearest coastline.[11]

The Missouri River is the largest and longest river in the state. Other major South Dakota rivers include the Cheyenne, James, Big Sioux, and White Rivers. Eastern South Dakota has many natural lakes, mostly created by periods of glaciation.[12] Additionally, dams on the Missouri River create four large reservoirs: Lake Oahe, Lake Sharpe, Lake Francis Case, and Lewis and Clark Lake.

Regions and geology

South Dakota can generally be divided into three regions: eastern South Dakota, western South Dakota, and the Black Hills.[13] The Missouri River serves as a boundary in terms of geographic, social, and political differences between eastern and western South Dakota, and the geography of the Black Hills differs from its surroundings to such an extent that it can be considered separate from the rest of western South Dakota. South Dakotans also at times combine the Black Hills with the rest of western South Dakota, and refer to the two resulting regions, divided by the Missouri, as West River and East River.[7][9]

Eastern South Dakota generally features higher precipitation and lower topography than the western part of the state. Smaller geographic regions of this area include the Coteau des Prairies, the Dissected Till Plains, and the James River Valley. The Coteau des Prairies is a plateau bordered on the east by the Minnesota River Valley and on the west by the James River Basin.[14] Further to the west, the James River Basin is mostly low, flat, highly eroded land, following the flow of the James River through South Dakota from north to south.[15] The Dissected Till Plains, an area of rolling hills and fertile soil that covers much of Iowa and Nebraska, also extends into the southeastern corner of South Dakota. Layers deposited during the Pleistocene epoch, starting around two million years ago, cover most of eastern South Dakota.[16] These are the youngest rock and sediment layers in the state, and are the product of several successive periods of glaciation which deposited a large amount of rocks and soil, known as till, over the area.[17]

The Great Plains cover most of the western two-thirds of South Dakota. West of the Missouri River the landscape becomes more arid and rugged, consisting of rolling hills, plains, ravines, and steep flat-topped hills called buttes.[18] In the south, east of the Black Hills, lie the South Dakota Badlands. Erosion from the Black Hills, marine skeletons which fell to the bottom of a large shallow sea that once covered the area and volcanic material all contribute to the geology of this area.[16][19][20]

The Black Hills are in the southwestern part of South Dakota and extend into Wyoming. This range of low mountains covers 6,000 sq mi (16,000 km2) with peaks that rise from 2,000 to 4,000 feet (600 to 1,200 m) above their bases. The Black Hills are the location of Harney Peak (7,242 ft or 2,207 m above sea level), the highest point in South Dakota and also the highest point in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains.[10] Two billion-year-old Precambrian formations, the oldest rocks in the state, form the central core of the Black Hills.[16][21] Formations from the Paleozoic Era form the outer ring of the Black Hills;[22] these were created between roughly 540 and 250 million years ago. This area features rocks such as limestone which were deposited here when the area formed the shoreline of an ancient inland sea.[22]

Ecology

Much of South Dakota, not including the Black Hills, is dominated by a temperate grasslands biome.[23] Although grasses and crops cover most of this region, deciduous trees such as cottonwoods, elms, and willows are common near rivers and in shelter belts.[24] Mammals in this area include bison, deer, pronghorn, coyotes, and prairie dogs.[25] The state bird, the ring-necked pheasant, has adapted well to the area after being introduced from China,[26] and growing populations of bald eagles are spread throughout the state, especially near the Missouri River.[27] Rivers and lakes of the grasslands support populations of walleye, carp, pike, bass, and other species.[25] The Missouri River also contains the pre-historic paddlefish.[28]

Because of higher elevation and precipitation, the Black Hills ecology differs significantly from that of the plains.[29] The mountains are thickly blanketed by various types of pines, including ponderosa and lodgepole pines, as well as spruces.[30] Black Hills mammals include deer, elk (wapiti), bighorn sheep, mountain goats, and mountain lions, while the streams and lakes contain several species of trout.[30][31][32][33]

Climate

South Dakota has a continental climate with four distinct seasons, ranging from cold, dry winters to hot and semi-humid summers. During the summers, the average high temperature throughout the state is often close to 90 °F (32 °C), although it cools to near 60 °F (15 °C) at night. It is not unusual for South Dakota to have severe hot, dry spells in the summer with the temperature climbing above 100 °F (38 °C) several times every year.[34] Winters are cold with January high temperatures averaging below freezing and low temperatures averaging below 10 °F (- 12 °C) in most of the state. The highest recorded temperature is 120 °F (49 °C) at Usta on July 15, 2006 and the lowest recorded temperature is −58 °F (−50 °C) at McIntosh on February 17, 1936.

Average annual precipitation in South Dakota ranges from semi-arid conditions in the northwestern part of the state (around 15 inches, or 381 mm) to semi-humid around the southeast portion of the state (around 25 inches, or 635 mm),[34] although a small area centered on Lead in the Black Hills has the highest precipitation at nearly 30 inches (762 mm) a year.[35]

South Dakota summers bring frequent, sometimes severe, thunderstorms with high winds, thunder, and hail. The eastern part of the state is often considered part of Tornado Alley,[36] and South Dakota experiences an average of 30 tornadoes each year.[37] Severe weather in the form of blizzards and ice storms occur often during winter.

Monthly normal high and low temperatures for various South Dakota cities in degrees Fahrenheit (and Celsius)
City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Aberdeen 21/1 (−6/-17) 28/9 (−2/-13) 40/21 (4/-6) 57/33 (14/1) 70/46 (21/8) 79/55 (26/13) 85/60 (29/16) 84/57 (29/14) 73/46 (23/8) 59/34 (15/1) 39/20 (4/-7) 26/6 (−3/-14)
Rapid City 34/11 (1/-12) 39/16 (4/-9) 47/23 (8/-5) 57/32 (13/0) 67/43 (19/6) 77/52 (25/11) 86/58 (30/14) 86/57 (30/14) 75/46 (24/8) 62/35 (17/2) 45/22 (7/-6) 36/13 (2/-11)
Sioux Falls 25/3 (−4/-16) 32/10 (0/-12) 44/21 (7/-6) 59/32 (15/0) 71/45 (22/7) 81/54 (27/12) 86/60 (30/16) 83/58 (28/14) 74/48 (23/9) 61/35 (16/2) 42/21 (6/-6) 29/8 (−2/-13)
[38]

National Parks and Monuments

South Dakota contains several sites that are administered by the National Park Service. Two national parks have been established in South Dakota, both located in the southwestern part of the state. Wind Cave National Park, established in 1903 in the Black Hills, contains an extensive cave network as well as a large herd of bison.[39] Badlands National Park was created in 1978.[40] The park features an eroded, brightly-colored landscape surrounded by semi-arid grasslands.[41] Mount Rushmore National Memorial in the Black Hills was established in 1925. The sculpture of four U.S. Presidents was carved into the mountainside by sculptor Gutzon Borglum.[42] Other areas managed by the National Park Service include Jewel Cave National Monument near Custer, the Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail, the Minuteman Missile National Historic Site, which features a decommissioned nuclear missile silo and a separate missile control area located several miles away, and the Missouri National Recreational River.[43] The Crazy Horse Memorial is a large mountainside sculpture near Mt. Rushmore that is being constructed with private funds.[44]

History

Main article: History of South Dakota

Humans have lived in what is today South Dakota for at least several thousand years. The first inhabitants were Paleoindian hunter-gatherers, and disappeared from the area around 5000 BC.[45] Between 500 AD and 800 AD, a semi-nomadic people known as the Mound Builders lived in central and eastern South Dakota. In the 14th century, the Crow Creek Massacre occurred, in which several hundred men, women, and children were killed near the Missouri River.[46] By 1500 the Arikara (or Ree) had settled in much of the Missouri River valley.[47] European contact with the area began in 1743, when the LaVerendrye brothers explored the region. The LaVerendrye group buried a plate near the site of modern day Pierre, claiming the region for France as part of greater Louisiana.[48] By the early 19th century, the Sioux had largely replaced the Arikara as the dominant group in the area.[49]

In 1803, the United States purchased the Louisiana Territory, an area that included most of South Dakota, from Napoleon Bonaparte, and President Thomas Jefferson organized a group commonly referred to as the "Lewis and Clark Expedition" to explore the newly-acquired region.[50] In 1817, an American fur trading post was set up at present-day Fort Pierre, beginning continuous American settlement of the area.[51] In 1855, the U.S. Army bought Fort Pierre but abandoned it the following year in favor of Fort Randall to the south.[51] Settlement by Americans and Europeans was by this time increasing rapidly, and in 1858 the Yankton Sioux signed the 1858 Treaty, ceding most of present-day eastern South Dakota to the United States.[52]

Land speculators founded two of eastern South Dakota's largest present-day cities: Sioux Falls in 1856[53] and Yankton in 1859.[54] In 1861, the Dakota Territory was established by the United States government (this initially included North Dakota, South Dakota, and parts of Montana and Wyoming).[55] Settlement of the area, mostly by people from the eastern United States as well as western and northern Europe, increased rapidly,[56] especially after the completion of an eastern railway link to Yankton in 1873.[57] In 1874 gold was discovered in the Black Hills during a military expedition led by George A. Custer[58][59] and miners and explorers began illegally entering land promised to the Lakota.

Custer's expedition took place despite the fact that the US had granted the entire western half of present-day South Dakota (West River) to the Sioux in 1868 by the Treaty of Laramie as part of the Great Sioux Reservation. The Sioux declined to grant mining rights or land in the Black Hills, and war broke out after the U.S. failed to stop white miners and settlers from entering the region. Eventually the US defeated the Sioux and broke up the Great Sioux Reservation into five reservations, settling the Lakota in those areas.[51] (In 1980, the US Supreme Court and Congress ordered payment to the Lakota for the illegal seizure of the Black Hills. The case remains unsettled, as the Lakota refuse to accept the money and instead insist on the return of the land.)[60] A growing population caused Dakota Territory to be divided in half and President Benjamin Harrison signed proclamations formally admitting both South Dakota and North Dakota to the union on November 2, 1889.[61][62] Harrison had the papers shuffled to obscure which one was signed first and the order went unrecorded.[62]

On December 29, 1890, the Wounded Knee Massacre occurred on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. Commonly cited as the last major armed conflict between the United States and the Lakota Sioux Nation, the massacre resulted in the deaths of at least 146 Sioux, many of them women and children.[63] 31 U.S. soldiers were also killed in the conflict.[63]

During the 1930s, several economic and climatic conditions combined with disastrous results for South Dakota. A lack of rainfall, extremely high temperatures and inappropriate cultivation techniques produced what was known as the Dust Bowl in South Dakota and several other plains states. Fertile topsoil was blown away in massive dust storms, and several harvests were completely ruined.[64] The experiences of the Dust Bowl, coupled with local bank foreclosures and the general economic effects of the Great Depression, resulted in many South Dakotans leaving the state. The population of South Dakota declined by more than 7% between 1930 and 1940.[65]

Economic stability returned with the U.S. entry into World War II in 1941, when demand for the state's agricultural and industrial products grew as the nation mobilized for war.[66] In 1944, the Pick-Sloan Plan was passed as part of the Flood Control Act of 1944 by the U.S. Congress, resulting in the construction of six large dams on the Missouri River, four of which are at least partially located in South Dakota.[67] Flood control, hydroelectricity, and recreational opportunities such as boating and fishing are provided by the dams and their reservoirs.[67]

In recent decades, South Dakota has transformed from a state dominated by agriculture to one with a more diversified economy. The tourism industry has grown considerably since the completion of the interstate system in the 1960s, with the Black Hills becoming more important as a destination. The financial service industry began to grow in the state as well, with Citibank moving its credit card operations from New York to Sioux Falls in 1981, a move that has since been followed by several other financial companies. South Dakota was the first state to eliminate caps on interest rates.[68] In 2007, the site of the recently closed Homestake gold mine near Lead was chosen as the location of a new underground research facility.[69] Despite a growing state population and recent economic development, many rural areas have been struggling over the past 50 years with locally declining populations and the emigration of educated young adults to larger South Dakota cities, such as Rapid City or Sioux Falls, or to other states.[70] Mechanization and consolidation of agriculture has contributed greatly to the declining number of smaller family farms and the resulting economic and demographic challenges facing rural towns.[71]

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of South Dakota
Historical populations
Census Pop. %±
1860 4,837
—
1870 11,776 143.5%
1880 98,268 734.5%
1890 348,600 254.7%
1900 401,570 15.2%
1910 583,888 45.4%
1920 636,547 9.0%
1930 692,849 8.8%
1940 642,961 −7.2%
1950 652,740 1.5%
1960 680,514 4.3%
1970 665,507 −2.2%
1980 690,768 3.8%
1990 696,004 0.8%
2000 754,844 8.5%
2010 814,180 7.9%
Est. 2010 816,463 8.2%
July 1, 2010 Estimate

Population

The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of South Dakota was 824,082 on July 1, 2011, a 1.22% increase since the 2010 United States Census.[3]

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, as of 2009, South Dakota has an estimated population of 812,383, an increase of 57,548, or 7.6%, since the year 2000.[72] 7.3% of South Dakota's population was reported as under 5, 24.7% under 18, and 14.4% were 65 or older.[72] Females made up approximately 50.2% of the population.[72] As of the 2000 census, South Dakota ranked fifth-lowest in the nation in both population and population density.[73][74] The center of population of South Dakota is located in Buffalo County, in the unincorporated county seat of Gannvalley.[75]

Race and ethnicity

At the 2010 Census, 84.7% of the population was non-Hispanic White, 8.5% non-Hispanic American Indian and Alaska Native, 1.2% non-Hispanic Black or African American, 0.9% non-Hispanic Asian, 0.1% from some other race (non-Hispanic) and 1.8% of two or more races (non-Hispanic). 2.7% of South Dakota's population was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race).

The five largest ancestry groups in South Dakota are German (40.7%), Norwegian (15.3%), Irish (10.4%), Native American (8.3%), and English (7.1%).[76] German Americans are the largest ancestry group in most parts of the state, especially in East River (east of the Missouri River), although there are also large Scandinavian-descended populations in some counties. South Dakota has the nation's largest population of Hutterites,[77] a communal Anabaptist group which emigrated from Europe in 1874.

American Indians, largely Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota (Sioux) are predominant in several counties and comprise 20 per cent of the population in West River. There are seven large Indian reservations in the state, but this area is diminished from the Great Sioux Reservation of West River, which the US government had once allocated to the Sioux. South Dakota has the third-highest proportion of Native Americans of any state, behind Alaska and New Mexico.[78] Five of the state's counties are wholly within Indian reservations.[79] Living standards on many South Dakota reservations are often far below the national average; Ziebach County ranked as the poorest county in the nation in 2009.[80] The unemployment rate in Fort Thompson, on the Crow Creek Indian Reservation, is 70%, and 21% of households lack plumbing or basic kitchen appliances.[81] A 1995 study by the U.S. Census Bureau found that 58% of homes on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation did not have a telephone.[82]

English is specified by law as the "common language" of the state.[1] As of the 2000 census, 1.90% of the population aged 5 or older speak German at home, while 1.51% speak Lakota or Dakota, and 1.43% Spanish.[83]

Growth and rural flight

South Dakota, in common with other Great Plains states, has been experiencing a falling population in many rural areas over the last several decades, a phenomenon known as "rural flight" as family farming has decreased. This trend has continued in recent years, with 30 of South Dakota's counties losing population between the 1990 and the 2000 census.[84] During that time, nine counties experienced a population loss of greater than 10%, with Harding County, in the northwest corner of the state, losing nearly 19% of its population.[84] Low birth rates and a lack of younger immigration has caused the median age of many of these counties to increase. In 24 counties, at least 20% of the population is over the age of 65,[85] compared with a national rate of 12.8%.[72]

The effect of rural flight has not been spread evenly through South Dakota, however. Although most rural counties and small towns have lost population, the Sioux Falls area, the larger counties along Interstate 29, the Black Hills, and many Indian reservations have all gained population.[84] Lincoln County near Sioux Falls is the ninth-fastest growing county (by percentage) in the United States.[86] The growth in these areas has compensated for losses in the rest of the state,[84] and South Dakota's total population continues to increase steadily, albeit at a slower rate than the national average.[72]

Religion

The largest denominations by number of adherents in 2000 were the Roman Catholic Church with 181,434 members; the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) with 121,871 members; and the United Methodist Church (UMC) with 37,280 members.[87] (Both the ELCA and UMC are specific denominations within the broader terms 'Lutheran' and 'Methodist', respectively.) The results of a 2001 survey, in which South Dakotans were asked to identify their religion, include:[88]

Economy

The current-dollar gross state product of South Dakota was US$39.8 billion as of 2010, the fifth smallest total state output in the US.[89] The per capita personal income was $38,865 in 2010, ranked 25th in the U.S.,[90] and 12.5% of the population was below the poverty line in 2008.[91] CNBC's list of "Top States for Business for 2010" has recognized South Dakota as the seventh best state in the nation.[92] In July 2011, the state's unemployment rate was 4.7%.[93]

The service industry is the largest economic contributor in South Dakota. This sector includes the retail, finance, and health care industries. Citibank, which was the largest bank holding company in the United States at one time, established national banking operations in South Dakota in 1981 to take advantage of favorable banking regulations.[68] Government spending is another important segment of the state's economy, providing over ten percent of the gross state product. Ellsworth Air Force Base, near Rapid City, is the second-largest single employer in the state.[94]

Agriculture has historically been a key component of the South Dakota economy. Although other industries have expanded rapidly in recent decades, agricultural production is still very important to the state's economy, especially in rural areas. The five most valuable agricultural products in South Dakota are cattle, corn (maize), soybeans, wheat, and hogs.[95] Agriculture-related industries such as meat packing and ethanol production also have a considerable economic impact on the state. South Dakota is the sixth leading ethanol-producing state in the nation.[96]

Another important sector in South Dakota's economy is tourism. Many travel to view the attractions of the state, particularly those in the Black Hills region, such as historic Deadwood, Mount Rushmore, and the nearby state and national parks. One of the largest tourist events in the state is the annual Sturgis Motorcycle Rally. The five-day event drew over 450,000 attendants in 2006; significant considering the state has a population of only 790,000.[97] In 2006, tourism provided an estimated 33,000 jobs in the state and contributed over two billion dollars to the economy of South Dakota.[98]

State taxes

As of 2005, South Dakota has the lowest per capita total state tax rate in the United States.[99] The state does not levy personal or corporate income taxes,[100] inheritance taxes,[101] or taxes on intangible personal property. The state sales tax rate is 4 percent.[102] Various localities have local levies so that in some areas the rate is 6 percent. The state sales tax does not apply to sales to Indians on Indian reservations, but many reservations have a compact with the state. Businesses on the reservation collect the tax and the state refunds to the Indian Tribes the percentage of sales tax collections relating to the ratio of Indian population to total population in the county or area affected. Ad valorem property taxes are local taxes and are a large source of funding for school systems, counties, municipalities and other local government units. The South Dakota Special Tax Division regulates some taxes including cigarette and alcohol related taxes.[103]

Transportation

Main article: Transportation in South Dakota
See also: List of South Dakota railroads and List of South Dakota numbered highways

South Dakota has 83,609 miles of highways, roads, and streets, along with 679 miles of interstate highways.[104] Two major interstates pass through South Dakota: Interstate 90, which runs east and west through the southern half of the state; and Interstate 29, running north and south in the eastern portion of the state. The I-29 corridor features generally higher rates of population and economic growth than areas in eastern South Dakota that are further from the interstate.[84] Also located in the state are the shorter interstates 190, a spur into central Rapid City, and 229, a loop around eastern and southern Sioux Falls. Several major U.S. highways pass through the state. U.S. routes 12, 14, 16, 18, and 212 travel east and west, while U.S. routes 81, 83, 85 and 281 run north and south. South Dakota and Montana are the only states sharing a land border which is not traversed by a paved road.

South Dakota contains two National Scenic Byways. The Peter Norbeck National Scenic Byway is located in the Black Hills, while the Native American Scenic Byway runs along the Missouri River in the north-central part of the state. Other scenic byways include the Badlands Loop Scenic Byway, the Spearfish Canyon Scenic Byway, and the Wildlife Loop Road Scenic Byway.[105]

Railroads have played an important role in South Dakota transportation since the mid-19th century. Some 4,420 miles (7,110 km) of railroad track were built in South Dakota during the late 19th century and early 20th century, but only 1,839 miles (2,960 km) are active.[106] BNSF Railway is currently the largest railroad in South Dakota; the Dakota, Minnesota, and Eastern Railroad is the state's other major carrier.[107][108] Rail transportation in the state is confined only to freight, however, as South Dakota is one of the few states without any Amtrak service.[109]

South Dakota's largest commercial airports in terms of passenger traffic are the Sioux Falls Regional Airport and Rapid City Regional Airport. Delta Air Lines, Frontier Airlines, and Allegiant Airlines, as well as commuter airlines using the brand affiliation with major airlines serve the two largest airports. Several other cities in the state also have commercial air service, some of which is subsidized by the Essential Air Service program.[110]

Government and politics

Main article: Government of South Dakota

Government

See also: Governor of South Dakota, South Dakota Legislature, and South Dakota Supreme Court

Like that of other U.S. states, the structure of the government of South Dakota follows the same separation of powers as federal government, with executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The structure of the state government is laid out in the Constitution of South Dakota, the highest law in the state. The constitution may be amended either by a majority vote of both houses of the legislature, or by voter initiative.[111]

The Governor of South Dakota occupies the executive branch of the state government.[112] The current governor is Dennis Daugaard, a Republican from Garretson. The state constitution gives the governor the power to either sign into law or veto bills passed by the state legislature,[113] to serve as commander-in-chief of the South Dakota National Guard, to appoint a cabinet, and to commute criminal sentences or to pardon those convicted of crimes.[114] The governor serves for a four-year term, and may not serve more than two consecutive terms.[115]

The state legislature is made up of two bodies, the Senate, which has 35 members, and the House of Representatives, with 70 members. South Dakota is divided into 35 legislative districts,[116] with voters electing two representatives and one senator per district.[116] The legislature meets for an annual session which begins on the second Tuesday in January and lasts for 30 days; it also meets if a special session is called by the governor.[116]

The judicial branch is made up of several levels. The state supreme court, with four justices and a chief justice, is the highest court in the state.[117] Below the supreme court are the circuit courts; 38 circuit judges serve in seven judicial circuits in the state.[117] Below the circuit courts are the magistrate courts, which deal with more minor criminal and civil actions.[117]

Federal representation

See also: List of United States Senators from South Dakota and List of United States Representatives from South Dakota

South Dakota is represented at the federal level by Senator Tim Johnson, Senator John Thune, and Representative Kristi Noem. Johnson is a Democrat and Thune and Noem are Republicans. South Dakota is one of seven states with only one seat in the US House of Representatives.[118] American Indians have been becoming more active in state and county electoral politics. In the 2002 election, American Indian voting carried Tim Johnson as the Democratic candidate by a narrow margin.[119]

In US presidential elections, South Dakota is allotted 3 of 538 votes in the Electoral College.[120] Like most states, South Dakota's electoral votes are granted in a winner-take-all system.[121]

Politics

Presidential elections results
Year Republican Democratic
2008 54.30% 203,019 45.70% 170,886
2004 59.91% 232,584 38.44% 149,244
2000 60.3% 190,700 37.56% 118,804
1996 46.49% 150,543 43.03% 139,333
1992 40.66% 136,718 37.14% 124,888
1988 52.85% 165,415 46.51% 145,560
1984 63.0% 200,267 36.53% 116,113
See also: Political party strength in South Dakota

South Dakota politics are generally dominated by the Republican Party. The state has not supported a Democratic presidential candidate since 1964—even George McGovern, the Democratic nominee in 1972 and a native South Dakotan, did not carry the state.[122][123] Additionally, a Democrat has not won the governorship since 1978. As of 2006, Republicans hold a 10% voter registration advantage over Democrats[124] and hold majorities in both the state House of Representatives[125] and Senate.[126]

Despite the state's general Republican and conservative leanings, Democrats have found success in various state-wide elections, most notably in those involving South Dakota's congressional representatives in Washington. In 2002, increasing political participation by Native Americans helped organize support for Democratic Senator Tim Johnson, who won re-election by 532 votes.[127] Until his electoral defeat in 2004, Senator Tom Daschle was the Senate minority leader (and briefly its majority leader during Democratic control of the Senate in 2001–02).[128]

Contemporary political issues in South Dakota include the costs and benefits of the state lottery,[129] South Dakota's relatively low rankings in education spending (particularly teacher pay),[130] and recent legislative and electoral attempts to ban abortion in the state.[131][132] In 2010, Republican Dennis Daugaard defeated Democrat Scott Heidepriem for governor,[133] and Republican Kristi Noem defeated incumbent Congresswoman Stephanie Herseth Sandlin for South Dakota's at-large seat in the US House of Representatives.[134]

Culture

Main article: Culture of South Dakota
See also: List of people from South Dakota

Much of South Dakota's culture reflects the state's American Indian, rural, Western, and European roots. A number of annual events celebrating the state's ethnic and historical heritage take place around the state, such as Days of '76 in Deadwood,[135] Czech Days in Tabor,[136] and the annual St. Patrick's Day and Cinco de Mayo festivities in Sioux Falls. Many pow wows are held yearly throughout the state,[137] and Custer State Park's Buffalo Roundup, in which volunteers on horseback gather the park's herd of around 1,500 bison, is a popular annual event.[138]

Laura Ingalls Wilder, whose semi-autobiographical books center around her experiences as a child and young adult on the frontier, is one of South Dakota's best-known writers. She used her experiences growing up on a homestead near De Smet as the basis for four of her novels: By the Shores of Silver Lake, The Long Winter, Little Town on the Prairie, These Happy Golden Years, and The First Four Years.[139] Wilder's daughter, Rose Wilder Lane, a well-known writer in her own right, was born near De Smet in 1886. Another literary figure from the state is Black Elk, whose narration of the Indian Wars and Ghost Dance movement and thoughts on Native American religion forms the basis of the book Black Elk Speaks.[140] The award-winning children's book author and illustrator Paul Goble has been based in the Black Hills since 1977.[141]

South Dakota has also produced several notable artists. Harvey Dunn grew up on a homestead near Manchester in the late 19th century. While most of his career was spent as an illustrator, Dunn's most famous works, showing various scenes of frontier life, were completed near the end of his career.[142] Oscar Howe was born on the Crow Creek Indian Reservation and won fame for his watercolor paintings.[143] Howe was one of the first Native American painters to produce works heavily influenced by abstraction, as opposed to ones relying on traditional styles. Terry Redlin, originally from Watertown, is an accomplished painter of rural and wildlife scenes. Many of Redlin's works are on display at the Redlin Art Center in Watertown.[144]

Cities and towns

See also: List of cities in South Dakota and List of South Dakota counties

Sioux Falls is the largest city in South Dakota, with an estimated 2009 population of 158,008,[145] and a metropolitan area population of 238,122.[146] The city, founded in 1856, is located in the southeast corner of the state.[147] Retail, finance, and healthcare have assumed greater importance in Sioux Falls,[148] where the economy was originally centered on agri-business and quarrying.

Rapid City, with a 2009 estimated population of 67,107,[145] and a metropolitan area population of 124,766,[146] is the second-largest city in the state. It is located on the eastern edge of the Black Hills, and was founded in 1876.[149] Rapid City's economy is largely based on tourism and defense spending,[148] because of the close proximity of many tourist attractions in the Black Hills and Ellsworth Air Force Base.

Aberdeen is the third largest city in South Dakota, with an estimated population of 24,992,[145] and a micropolitan area population of 39,139.[146] Located in the northeast corner of the state, it was founded in 1881 during the expansion of the Milwaukee Railroad.

The next seven largest cities in the state, in order of descending 2009 population, are Watertown (20,350), Brookings (20,184), Mitchell (14,747), Pierre (14,072), Yankton (13,866), Huron (11,281), and Vermillion (10,417).[145] Pierre is the state capital, and Brookings and Vermillion are the locations of the state's two largest universities. Of the ten largest cities in the state, only Rapid City is located west of the Missouri River.[145][150]

Media

See also: List of newspapers in South Dakota, List of television stations in South Dakota, and List of radio stations in South Dakota

South Dakota's first newspaper, the Dakota Democrat, began publishing in Yankton in 1858.[151] Today, the largest newspaper in the state is the Sioux Falls Argus Leader, with a Sunday circulation of 63,701 and a weekday circulation of 44,334.[152] The Rapid City Journal, with a Sunday circulation of 32,638 and a weekday circulation of 27,827, is South Dakota's second largest newspaper.[152] The next four largest newspapers in the state are the Aberdeen American News, the Watertown Public Opinion, the Huron Plainsman, and the Brookings Register.[152] In 1981, Tim Giago founded the Lakota Times as a newspaper for the local American Indian community on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. The newspaper, now published in New York and known as Indian Country Today, is currently available in every state in the country.[153] The Sioux City Journal also covers parts of South Dakota.

There are currently nine television stations broadcasting in South Dakota;[154] South Dakota Public Television broadcasts from a number of locations around the state, while the other stations broadcast from either Sioux Falls or Rapid City. The two largest television media markets in South Dakota are Sioux Falls-Mitchell, with a viewership of 246,020, and Rapid City, with a viewership of 91,070.[155] The two markets rank as 114th and 177th largest in the United States, respectively.[155] The first television station in the state, KELO-TV, began airing in Sioux Falls in 1953. Among KELO's early programs was Captain 11, an afternoon children's program. Captain 11 ran from 1955 until 1996, making it the longest continuously running children's television program in the nation.[156]

A number of South Dakotans are famous for their work in the fields of television and publishing. Former NBC Nightly News anchor and author Tom Brokaw is from Webster and Yankton,[157] USA Today founder Al Neuharth is from Eureka and Alpena,[158] gameshow host Bob Barker spent much of his childhood in Mission,[159] and entertainment news hosts Pat O'Brien[160] and Mary Hart[161] are both from Sioux Falls.

Education

See also: List of colleges and universities in South Dakota and List of high schools in South Dakota

As of 2006, South Dakota has a total primary and secondary school enrollment of 136,872, with 120,278 of these students being educated in the public school system.[162] There are 703 public schools[163] in 168 school districts,[164] giving South Dakota the highest number of schools per capita in the United States.[165] The current high school graduation rate is 89.9%,[166] and the average ACT score is 21.8, slightly above the national average of 21.1.[167] 84.6% of the adult population has earned at least a high school diploma, and 21.5% has earned a bachelor's degree or higher.[76] South Dakota's 2008 average public school teacher salary of $36,674, compared to a national average of $52,308, was the lowest in the nation.[168]

The South Dakota Board of Regents, whose members are appointed by the governor, controls the six public universities in the state. South Dakota State University (SDSU), in Brookings, is the largest university in the state, with an enrollment of 12,376.[169] The University of South Dakota (USD), in Vermillion, is the state's oldest university, and has South Dakota's only law school and medical school.[170] South Dakota also has several private universities, the largest of which is Augustana College in Sioux Falls.[169]

Sports and recreation

Organized sports

Because of its low population, South Dakota does not host any major league professional sports franchises. The state does have a number of minor league teams, all of which play in either Sioux Falls or Rapid City. Sioux Falls is currently home to four teams: the Sioux Falls Fighting Pheasants (a baseball team formerly known as the Canaries), the Sioux Falls Skyforce (basketball), the Sioux Falls Stampede (hockey), and the Sioux Falls Storm (arena football).[171][172] The Fighting Pheasants play at Sioux Falls Stadium, while the others play at the Sioux Falls Arena. Rapid City has a hockey team named the Rapid City Rush. The Rush began their inaugural season in 2008 at the Rushmore Plaza Civic Center.[173]

Universities in South Dakota host a variety of sports programs. For many years, South Dakota was one of the only states in the country without a NCAA Division I football or basketball team. However, several years ago SDSU decided to move their teams from Division II to Division I,[174] a move that has since been followed by the University of South Dakota.[175] Other universities in the state compete at the NCAA's Division II or III levels, or in the NAIA.

Famous South Dakota athletes include Billy Mills, Mike Miller, Mark Ellis, Becky Hammon, Brock Lesnar, and Adam Vinatieri. Mills is from the town of Pine Ridge and competed at the 1964 Summer Olympic Games in Tokyo, becoming the only American to win a gold medal in the 10,000-meter event.[176] Mike Miller of Mitchell played at the University of Florida, leading them to the 2000 NCAA Championship game his sophomore year and won the 2001 NBA rookie of the year award. Mark Ellis of Rapid City played for the University of Florida and is currently a second baseman for the Colorado Rockies.[177] Becky Hammon of Rapid City plays for the WNBA's San Antonio Silver Stars.[178] Lesner, of Webster, is a former heavy-weight champion in the UFC and WWE. Vinatieri is an NFL placekicker who grew up in Rapid City and attended SDSU.[179][180]

Recreation

Fishing and hunting are both popular outdoor activities in South Dakota. Fishing contributes over $170 million to South Dakota's economy,[181] and hunting contributes over $190 million.[182] In 2007, over 275,000 hunting licences and 175,000 fishing licences were sold in the state; around half of the hunting licences and over two-thirds of the fishing licences were purchased by South Dakotans.[183] Popular species of game include pheasants, white-tailed deer, mule deer, and turkeys, as well as waterfowl such as Canada geese, snow geese, and mallards. Targets of anglers include walleye in the eastern glacial lakes and Missouri River reservoirs,[184][185] Chinook salmon in Lake Oahe,[185] and trout in the Black Hills.[186]

Other sports, such as cycling and running, are also popular in the state. In 1991, the state opened the George S. Mickelson Trail, a 109-mile (175 km) rail trail in the Black Hills.[187] Besides being used by cyclists, the trail is also the site of a portion of the annual Mount Rushmore marathon; the marathon's entire course is at an elevation of over 4,000 feet (1,200 m).[188] Other events in the state include the Tour de Kota, a 478-mile (769 km), six-day cycling event that covers much of eastern and central South Dakota,[189] and the annual Sturgis Motorcycle Rally, which draws hundreds of thousands of participants from around the United States.[97]

State symbols

Main article: List of South Dakota state symbols

Some of South Dakota's official state symbols include:[190]

State bird: Ring-necked Pheasant
State flower: American Pasque flower
State tree: Black Hills Spruce
State nicknames: Mount Rushmore State (official), Coyote state & Sunshine state (both unofficial)
State motto: "Under God, the people rule"
State slogan: "Great Faces. Great Places."
State mineral: Rose quartz
State insect: Honey bee – Apis mellifera L.
State animal: Coyote
State fish: Walleye
State gemstone: Fairburn agate
State song: "Hail, South Dakota!"

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ a b "South Dakota Codified Laws (1–27–20)". South Dakota State Legislature. http://legis.state.sd.us/statutes/DisplayStatute.aspx?Type=Statute&Statute=1-27-20. Retrieved April 27, 2010. 
  2. ^ a b "Land and Water Area of States (2000)". infoplease.com. http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108355.html. Retrieved September 3, 2007. 
  3. ^ a b "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2011" (CSV). 2011 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. December 2011. http://www.census.gov/popest/data/state/totals/2011/tables/NST-EST2011-01.csv. Retrieved December 21, 2011. 
  4. ^ "Harney". NGS data sheet. U.S. National Geodetic Survey. http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/ds_mark.prl?PidBox=OT0810. Retrieved October 24, 2011. 
  5. ^ a b "Elevations and Distances in the United States". United States Geological Survey. 2001. http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html. Retrieved October 24, 2011. 
  6. ^ a b Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
  7. ^ a b c Hasselstrom, pp. 2–4.
  8. ^ Census Regions and Divisions of the United States, U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved January 29, 2009.
  9. ^ a b Johnson, Dirk. Gold Divides Dakotans as River Did NYtimes.com The New York Times. October 9, 1988. (accessed 2008-2-14)
  10. ^ a b c "Elevations and Distances in the United States". United States Geological Survey. April 29, 2005. http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html. Retrieved November 7, 2006. 
  11. ^ Garcia-Castellanos, D.; U. Lombardo (2007). "Poles of Inaccessibility: A Calculation Algorithm for the Remotest Places on Earth". Scottish Geographical Journal 123 (3): 227–233. doi:10.1080/14702540801897809. http://cuba.ija.csic.es/~danielgc/papers/Garcia-Castellanos,%20Lombardo,%202007,%20SGJ.pdf. Retrieved 2008. 
  12. ^ "Eastern South Dakota Wetlands". United States Geological Survey. http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/wetlands/eastwet/overview.htm. Retrieved January 25, 2009. 
  13. ^ Thompson (ed.), p. 14.
  14. ^ Thompson (ed.), pp. 17–18.
  15. ^ Schell, pp. 4–6.
  16. ^ a b c "The Geology of South Dakota". Northern State University. http://www3.northern.edu/natsource/EARTH/Geolog1.htm. Retrieved August 29, 2008. 
  17. ^ "Pleistocene Deposits". South Dakota Department of Environment & Natural Resources. Archived from the original on January 16, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080116121210/http://www.sdgs.usd.edu/geology/pleistocene.html. Retrieved November 28, 2008. 
  18. ^ Schell, p. 6.
  19. ^ "Mesozoic Formations". South Dakota Department of Environment & Natural Resources. Archived from the original on February 13, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080213170116/http://www.sdgs.usd.edu/geology/mesozoic.html. Retrieved November 28, 2008. 
  20. ^ "Tertiary Formations". South Dakota Department of Environment & Natural Resources. Archived from the original on September 25, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070925065217/http://www.sdgs.usd.edu/geology/tertiary.html. Retrieved November 28, 2008. 
  21. ^ "Precambrian Formations". South Dakota Department of Environment & Natural Resources. Archived from the original on January 16, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080116121220/http://www.sdgs.usd.edu/geology/precambrian.html. Retrieved November 28, 2008. 
  22. ^ a b "Paleozoic Formations". South Dakota Department of Environment & Natural Resources. Archived from the original on January 16, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080116121205/http://www.sdgs.usd.edu/geology/paleozoic.html. Retrieved November 28, 2008. 
  23. ^ "A Short Introduction to Terrestrial Biomes". nearctica.com. http://www.nearctica.com/ecology/habitats/biointro.htm. Retrieved September 22, 2007. 
  24. ^ "South Dakota Flora". Northern State University. http://www3.northern.edu/natsource/flora1.htm. Retrieved September 22, 2007. 
  25. ^ a b "South Dakota Fauna". Northern State University. http://www3.northern.edu/natsource/fauna1.htm. Retrieved September 22, 2007. 
  26. ^ "Ring-Necked Pheasant". Northern State University. http://www3.northern.edu/natsource/BIRDS/Ringne1.htm. Retrieved September 22, 2007. 
  27. ^ Hetland, Cara. South Dakota bald eagles make a comeback Publicradio.org Minnesota Public Radio. February 8, 2007. (accessed September 22, 2007).
  28. ^ "Paddlefish". Northern State University. http://www3.northern.edu/natsource/ENDANG1/Paddle1.htm. Retrieved September 22, 2007. 
  29. ^ South Dakota's Forest Resources. Piva, R.; Haugan, D.; Josten, G.; Brand, G. (U.S. Department of Interior. Forest Service Resource Bulletin. 2007)
  30. ^ a b Thompson (ed.), p. 31.
  31. ^ "Black Hills Deer". South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks. http://www.sdgfp.info/wildlife/hunting/biggame/BHDeer.htm. Retrieved January 29, 2010. 
  32. ^ "Brook Trout". South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks. http://www.sdgfp.info/Wildlife/Education/FishBook/fishbook.brooktrout.pdf. Retrieved January 29, 2010. 
  33. ^ "Rainbow Trout". South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks. http://www.sdgfp.info/Wildlife/Education/FishBook/fishbook.rainbowtrout.pdf. Retrieved January 29, 2010. 
  34. ^ a b "Climate of South Dakota" (PDF). National Climatic Data Center. http://www5.ncdc.noaa.gov/climatenormals/clim60/states/Clim_SD_01.pdf. Retrieved November 26, 2008. 
  35. ^ "Precipitation Normals (1971–2000)". South Dakota State University. http://climate.sdstate.edu/archives/data/pptnormals.shtm. Retrieved November 26, 2008. 
  36. ^ "Tornado Climatology". National Severe Storms Laboratory. http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/primer/tornado/tor_climatology.html. Retrieved February 7, 2009. 
  37. ^ "Annual Average Number of Tornadoes, 1953–2004". National Climatic Data Center. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/img/climate/research/tornado/small/avgt5304.gif. Retrieved June 25, 2009. 
  38. ^ South Dakota Weather|South Dakota Weather For Travellers and Residents
  39. ^ "Wind Cave History". National Park Service. http://www.nps.gov/archive/wica/Wind_Cave_History.htm. Retrieved August 28, 2007. 
  40. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions (Badlands National Park)". National Park Service. http://www.nps.gov/badl/faqs.htm. Retrieved August 27, 2007. 
  41. ^ "Badlands". National Park Service. http://www.nps.gov/badl. Retrieved August 27, 2007. 
  42. ^ "Carving History". National Park Service. http://www.nps.gov/archive/moru/park_history/carving_hist/carving_history.htm. Retrieved August 27, 2007. 
  43. ^ "South Dakota". National Park Service. http://www.nps.gov/state/SD/. Retrieved August 28, 2007. 
  44. ^ Hetland, Cara. Crazy Horse Memorial turns 60 this year Publicradio.org Minnesota Public Radio. June 8, 2008. (accessed February 7, 2009).
  45. ^ Schell, p. 15.
  46. ^ Deloria and Neal (eds.), p. 161.
  47. ^ Schell, pp. 16–18.
  48. ^ Schell, pp. 28–29.
  49. ^ Schell, pp. 18–21.
  50. ^ Thompson (ed.), pp. 56–57.
  51. ^ a b c "Chronology of South Dakota History". South Dakota Historical Society. Archived from the original on September 1, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070901170704/http://www.sdhistory.org/soc/soc_hist.htm. Retrieved September 3, 2007. 
  52. ^ Thompson (ed.), pp. 69–71.
  53. ^ Schell, pp. 72–73.
  54. ^ Schell, p. 72.
  55. ^ "Dakota Territory History". Union County Historical Society. http://www.acsnet.com/~jkjar/dt_history.htm. Retrieved September 3, 2007. 
  56. ^ Schell, pp 168–170.
  57. ^ Schell, p. 113.
  58. ^ Schell, p. 129.
  59. ^ Schell, pp. 140–144.
  60. ^ Thompson (ed.), p. 529.
  61. ^ Schell, p. 222.
  62. ^ a b Thompson (ed.), pp. 115–116.
  63. ^ a b Schell, pp. 304–305.
  64. ^ "Drought in the Dust Bowl Years". National Drought Mitigation Center. http://drought.unl.edu/whatis/dustbowl.htm. Retrieved April 4, 2007. 
  65. ^ "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/sd190090.txt. Retrieved December 14, 2008. 
  66. ^ Schell, pp. 317–320.
  67. ^ a b Schell, pp. 323–325.
  68. ^ a b Hetland, Cara. Sioux Falls 25 years after Citibank's arrival. Publicradio.org Minnesota Public Radio. February 24, 2006. (accessed March 23, 2007)
  69. ^ "Homestake Strikes Gold Again". South Dakota Science and Technology Authority. Archived from the original on December 15, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071215142331/http://www.sanfordlaboratoryathomestake.org/news_07-10-07a.html. Retrieved August 28, 2007. 
  70. ^ "Sweeping out the Plains". aliciapatterson.org. http://www.aliciapatterson.org/APF2102/Coffman_Anthan/Coffman_Anthan.html. Retrieved April 5, 2007. 
  71. ^ Thompson (ed.), pp. 542–549.
  72. ^ a b c d e "State & County QuickFacts (South Dakota)". United States Census Bureau. http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/46000.html. Retrieved August 22, 2008. 
  73. ^ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named 2010Census; see Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text
  74. ^ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named PopDens; see Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text
  75. ^ "Population and Population Centers by State – 2000". United States Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt. Retrieved August 18, 2007. 
  76. ^ a b "Quick Tables". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=n&_lang=en&qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_DP2&ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U&geo_id=04000US46. Retrieved August 29, 2008. 
  77. ^ "Color them plain but successful". The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. http://www.minneapolisfed.org/publications_papers/pub_display.cfm?id=1409. Retrieved December 14, 2008. 
  78. ^ "States Ranked by American Indian and Alaska Native Population, July 1, 1999". United States Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/population/estimates/state/rank/aiea.txt. Retrieved December 14, 2008. 
  79. ^ "Press Releases – Uniquely South Dakota". South Dakota Department of Tourism. http://www.travelsd.com/Newsroom/pressreleases/uniquelysd.asp?id=356. Retrieved August 22, 2008. 
  80. ^ Garrigan, Mary. "Ziebach County still poorest in America" [1] The Rapid City Journal. December 10, 2010. (accessed May 20, 2011)
  81. ^ Hetland, Cara. "South Dakota has nation's poorest county", Minnesota Public Radio. October 1, 2002. (accessed December 19, 2008)
  82. ^ "Transportation and Tourism Development at the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation". Federal Highway Administration. http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/econDev/pineridge.htm. Retrieved December 19, 2008. 
  83. ^ "Most Spoken Languages in South Dakota". mla.org. http://www.mla.org/map_data_results&state_id=46&mode=state_tops. Retrieved August 18, 2007. 
  84. ^ a b c d e O'Driscoll, Patrick. "Sioux Falls powers South Dakota growth", USA Today, March 12, 2001. (accessed December 16, 2008)
  85. ^ "South Dakota state and county demographic profiles". South Dakota State University. http://agbionews.sdstate.edu/story.cfm?id=4420. Retrieved December 16, 2008. 
  86. ^ "100 Fastest Growing Counties". United States Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/popest/counties/CO-EST2004-09.html. Retrieved April 10, 2007. 
  87. ^ "State Membership Report – South Dakota". Association of Religion Data Archives. http://www.thearda.com/mapsReports/reports/state/46_2000.asp. Retrieved November 30, 2008. 
  88. ^ "American Religious Identification Survey". Exhibit 15. The Graduate Center, City University of New York. http://www.gc.cuny.edu/faculty/research_briefs/aris/key_findings.htm. Retrieved April 6, 2007. 
  89. ^ "Table 3. Current-Dollar GDP by State, 2007–2010". Bureau of Economic Analysis. http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/gdp_state/2011/pdf/gsp0611.pdf. Retrieved August 25, 2011. 
  90. ^ "SA1-3 Per capita income (dollars)". Bureau of Economic Analysis. http://www.bea.gov/regional/spi/drill.cfm. Retrieved August 25, 2011. 
  91. ^ "Persons Below Poverty Level, 2008". United States Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2011/ranks/rank34.html. Retrieved August 25, 2011. 
  92. ^ America's Top States for Business 2010." CNBC Special Report (2010): 1. Web. May 9, 2011. <http://www.cnbc.com/id/37516043/>.
  93. ^ "Local Area Unemployment Statistics". Bureau of Labor Statistics. http://www.bls.gov/lau/. Retrieved May 9, 2011. 
  94. ^ Reha, Bob. South Dakota's Ellsworth AFB to stay open. [2] Minnesota Public Radio. August 26, 2005. (accessed September 8, 2007)
  95. ^ "State Fact Sheets: South Dakota". United States Department of Agriculture. http://www.ers.usda.gov/statefacts/SD.htm. Retrieved June 25, 2009. 
  96. ^ "Ethanol Production By State". Nebraska Energy Office. http://www.neo.ne.gov/statshtml/121.htm. Retrieved June 30, 2007. 
  97. ^ a b "Sturgis Rally Attendance Statistics". sturgis.com. http://www.sturgis.com/2kstats.html. Retrieved April 6, 2007. 
  98. ^ "South Dakota Tourism Statistics". South Dakota Department of Tourism. http://sdvisit.com/tools/facts/index.asp. Retrieved April 6, 2007. 
  99. ^ "States Ranked by Total State Taxes and Per Capita Amount: 2005". U.S. Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/govs/statetax/05staxrank.html. Retrieved April 4, 2007. 
  100. ^ "South Dakota". The Tax Foundation. http://www.taxfoundation.org/research/topic/58.html. Retrieved January 31, 2010. 
  101. ^ "Inheritance/Estate Tax". South Dakota Department of Revenue & Regulation. http://www.state.sd.us/drr2/propspectax/inheritance.htm. Retrieved January 27, 2008. 
  102. ^ "State Sales Tax Rates". Federation of Tax Administrators. http://www.taxadmin.org/FTA/rate/sales.html. Retrieved December 18, 2007. 
  103. ^ South Dakota Department of Revenue & Regulation. "Special Tax Information". http://www.state.sd.us/drr2/propspectax/index.htm. Retrieved March 18, 2008. 
  104. ^ "General Information/Key Facts". South Dakota Department of Transportation. http://www.sddot.com/geninfo_facts.asp. Retrieved September 3, 2007. 
  105. ^ "South Dakota". National Scenic Byways Program. http://www.byways.org/explore/states/SD/. Retrieved January 24, 2008. 
  106. ^ "Basic Mileage". South Dakota Department of Transportation. http://www.sddot.com/fpa/railroad/basic.asp. Retrieved September 3, 2007. 
  107. ^ "BNSF". South Dakota Department of Transportation. http://www.sddot.com/fpa/railroad/carr_bnsf.asp. Retrieved September 3, 2007. 
  108. ^ "DM&E". South Dakota Department of Transportation. http://www.sddot.com/fpa/railroad/carr_dme.asp. Retrieved September 3, 2007. 
  109. ^ "Planning a Trip". frommers.com. http://www.frommers.com/destinations/southdakota/3738010002.html. Retrieved September 3, 2007. 
  110. ^ "What is Essential Air Service?" (PDF). United States Department of Transportation. http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/1000/1500/1548/eas.pdf. Retrieved December 13, 2008. 
  111. ^ "Article XXIII, Section 1, Constitution of South Dakota". South Dakota Legislature. http://legis.state.sd.us/statutes/DisplayStatute.aspx?Type=Statute&Statute=0N-23-1. Retrieved November 26, 2008. 
  112. ^ "Article IV, Section 1, Constitution of South Dakota". South Dakota Legislature. http://legis.state.sd.us/statutes/DisplayStatute.aspx?Type=Statute&Statute=0N-4-1. Retrieved November 26, 2008. 
  113. ^ "Article IV, Section 3, Constitution of South Dakota". South Dakota Legislature. http://legis.state.sd.us/statutes/DisplayStatute.aspx?Type=Statute&Statute=0N-4-3. Retrieved November 26, 2008. 
  114. ^ "Article IV, Section 4, Constitution of South Dakota". South Dakota Legislature. http://legis.state.sd.us/statutes/DisplayStatute.aspx?Type=Statute&Statute=0N-4-4. Retrieved November 26, 2008. 
  115. ^ "Article IV, Section 2, Constitution of South Dakota". South Dakota Legislature. http://legis.state.sd.us/statutes/DisplayStatute.aspx?Type=Statute&Statute=0N-4-2. Retrieved November 26, 2008. 
  116. ^ a b c "Fact Sheet". State of South Dakota. http://www.state.sd.us/factpage.htm. Retrieved November 26, 2008. 
  117. ^ a b c "Overview – UJS". South Dakota Unified Judicial System. http://www.sdjudicial.com/courtinfo/Default.aspx. Retrieved January 30, 2010. 
  118. ^ "Member Information". Office of the Clerk – United States House of Representatives. http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/olm110.html. Retrieved April 5, 2009. 
  119. ^ Gwen Florio, "Indians Show Political Clout; Natives Throng Polls in 'White' S.D. County," The Denver Post, January 8, 2003, accessed June 8, 2011
  120. ^ "U.S. Electoral College – 2008 Presidential Election". archives.gov. http://archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/2008/allocation.html. Retrieved December 15, 2008. 
  121. ^ "U.S. Electoral College – Frequently Asked Questions". archives.gov. http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/faq.html. Retrieved December 15, 2008. 
  122. ^ "McGovern, George Stanley, (1922–)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=m000452. Retrieved October 5, 2007. 
  123. ^ "Presidential General Election Graph Comparison – South Dakota". uselectionatlas.org. http://www.uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/comparegraphs.php?year=2004&fips=46&f=0&off=0&elect=0. Retrieved October 5, 2007. 
  124. ^ "South Dakota Voter Registration Statistics". South Dakota Secretary of State. http://www.sdsos.gov/electionsvoteregistration/pastelections_voterstats1988-2004.shtm. Retrieved April 10, 2007. 
  125. ^ "Official List of South Dakota Representatives". State of South Dakota. http://legis.state.sd.us/sessions/2007/hourost.htm. Retrieved April 10, 2007. 
  126. ^ "Official List of South Dakota Senators". State of South Dakota. http://legis.state.sd.us/sessions/2007/senrost.htm. Retrieved April 10, 2007. 
  127. ^ "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 2, 2002". Office of the Clerk – US House of Representatives. http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/2002/2002Stat.htm#41. Retrieved June 9, 2011. 
  128. ^ "Daschle Loses S.D. Senate Seat to Thune". Fox News. November 3, 2004. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,137397,00.html. Retrieved April 10, 2007. 
  129. ^ "About SD Lottery – History". South Dakota Lottery. http://lottery.sd.gov/about/. Retrieved June 26, 2009. 
  130. ^ "Quality Counts 2000 – Who Should Teach?". Education Week. http://counts.edweek.org/sreports/qc00/templates/state-policy.cfm?slug=sd-up.htm. Retrieved April 9, 2007. 
  131. ^ "South Dakota Abortion Ban Rejected". USA Today. November 8, 2006. http://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/vote2006/SD/2006-11-08-abortion-ban_x.htm. Retrieved December 14, 2008. 
  132. ^ Rovner, Julie. South Dakotans Again Consider An Abortion Ban [3] National Public Radio. October 27, 2008. (accessed August 13, 2009).
  133. ^ "South Dakota's Governor-elect Thanks Voters". KELO-TV. http://www.keloland.com/news/campaign/NewsDetail8632.cfm?Id=106666. Retrieved November 3, 2010. 
  134. ^ "Western SD Delivers Votes for U.S. Rep-Elect Noem". KELO-TV. http://www.keloland.com/news/campaign/NewsDetail8634.cfm?Id=106687. Retrieved November 3, 2010. 
  135. ^ "Days of '76 Celebration to include Saturday evening performance". Tri-State Livestock News. http://www.tsln.com/article/20090601/TSLN01/906019995/1023/NONE&parentprofile=1013. Retrieved January 29, 2010. 
  136. ^ Thompson (ed.), p. 133.
  137. ^ "South Dakota Powwow Schedule". South Dakota Office of Tribal Government Relations. http://www.state.sd.us/oia/powwow.asp. Retrieved January 29, 2010. 
  138. ^ "Buffalo Roundup and Arts Festival". South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks. http://www.sdgfp.info/Parks/Regions/Custer/round.htm. Retrieved January 29, 2010. 
  139. ^ "Laura's History". Laura Ingalls Wilder Historic Home and Museum. http://www.lauraingallswilderhome.com/history1.htm. Retrieved December 19, 2008. 
  140. ^ "Black Elk". C-Span – American Writers. http://www.americanwriters.org/writers/elk.asp. Retrieved December 19, 2008. 
  141. ^ "Paul Goble". HarperCollins. http://www.harpercollins.com/authors/20771/Paul_Goble/index.aspx. Retrieved January 17, 2010. 
  142. ^ Hasselstrom, pp. 34–36.
  143. ^ Hasselstrom, pp. 215–217.
  144. ^ "Terry Redlin". South Dakota Hall of Fame. http://www.sdhalloffame.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=36&Itemid=78&iid=410. Retrieved May 11, 2009. 
  145. ^ a b c d e "Datasets:All States, incorporated places only". United States Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/files/SUB-EST2009-IP.csv. Retrieved January 27, 2011. 
  146. ^ a b c "Metropolitan and micropolitan statistical area population and estimated components of change: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2009". United States Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/popest/metro/files/2009/CBSA-EST2009-alldata.csv. Retrieved January 27, 2010. 
  147. ^ "History of Sioux Falls". City of Sioux Falls. http://www.siouxfalls.org/Information/history/siouxfalls.aspx. Retrieved October 6, 2008. 
  148. ^ a b Thompson (ed.), p. 554.
  149. ^ Hasselstrom, p. 331.
  150. ^ "South Dakota". National Atlas. http://www.nationalatlas.gov/printable/images/pdf/reference/pagegen_sd.pdf. Retrieved August 7, 2009. 
  151. ^ Hasselstrom, p. 202.
  152. ^ a b c "US Newspaper – Search Results (South Dakota)". Audit Bureau of Circulation. http://abcas3.accessabc.com/ecirc/newsform.asp. Retrieved December 13, 2008. 
  153. ^ "Tim Giago". South Dakota Hall of Fame. http://www.sdhalloffame.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=36&Itemid=78&iid=164. Retrieved May 11, 2009. 
  154. ^ "U.S. Television Stations in South Dakota". Global Computing. 2007. http://www.globalcomputing.com/GetTV_Map1.cfm?PageNum_q_GetTV_Map=1&stateid=SD. Retrieved December 13, 2008. 
  155. ^ a b "Nielson Media Research Local Universe Estimates (US)". Nielson Media. 2005-6. Archived from the original on May 17, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060517010320/http://www.nielsenmedia.com/DMAs.html. Retrieved December 13, 2008. 
  156. ^ "Dave Dedrick: 1928–2010". KELO-TV. http://keloland.com/NewsDetail6162.cfm?Id=95595. Retrieved January 23, 2010. 
  157. ^ "Tom Brokaw". South Dakota Hall of Fame. http://www.sdhalloffame.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=36&Itemid=78&iid=58. Retrieved May 11, 2009. 
  158. ^ "Allen Neuharth". South Dakota Hall of Fame. http://www.sdhalloffame.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=36&Itemid=78&iid=368. Retrieved May 26, 2011. 
  159. ^ "Robert (Bob) Barker". South Dakota Hall of Fame. http://www.sdhalloffame.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=36&Itemid=78&iid=24. Retrieved May 11, 2009. 
  160. ^ "Pat O'Brien". South Dakota Hall of Fame. http://www.sdhalloffame.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=36&Itemid=78&iid=375. Retrieved May 11, 2009. 
  161. ^ "Mary Hart". South Dakota Hall of Fame. http://www.sdhalloffame.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=36&Itemid=78&iid=203. Retrieved May 11, 2009. 
  162. ^ "Student Demographics". South Dakota Department of Education. Archived from the original on November 8, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071108120008/http://doe.sd.gov/publications/annualreport/2007/studentdeomographics/k12enrollment.asp. Retrieved November 26, 2007. 
  163. ^ "School System By Type (2006–07)". South Dakota Department of Education. Archived from the original on November 8, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071108115945/http://doe.sd.gov/publications/annualreport/2007/schoolsandpersonnel/type.asp. Retrieved November 26, 2007. 
  164. ^ "Schools & Personnel". South Dakota Department of Education. Archived from the original on November 8, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071108115954/http://doe.sd.gov/publications/annualreport/2007/schoolsandpersonnel/numberofSD.asp. Retrieved November 26, 2007. 
  165. ^ "Number of Schools (most recent) (per capita)". statemaster.com. http://www.statemaster.com/graph/edu_ele_sec_tot_num_of_sch_percap-total-number-schools-per-capita. Retrieved November 26, 2007. 
  166. ^ "South Dakota Graduation Rate". South Dakota Department of Education. Archived from the original on November 8, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071108120013/http://doe.sd.gov/publications/annualreport/2007/studentachievement/Graduationrate.asp. Retrieved November 26, 2007. 
  167. ^ "ACT Average Composite Score South Dakota vs. National". South Dakota Department of Education. Archived from the original on November 8, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071108120016/http://doe.sd.gov/publications/annualreport/2007/studentachievement/ACT.asp. Retrieved November 26, 2007. 
  168. ^ "Rankings and Estimates 2008". National Education Association. http://www.nea.org/home/29402.htm. Retrieved January 30, 2010. 
  169. ^ a b "Regents Information System". South Dakota Board of Regents. http://www.sdbor.edu/publications/documents/factbook10.pdf. Retrieved July 20, 2010. 
  170. ^ "Locations". South Dakota Board of Regents. Archived from the original on July 13, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080713023555/http://www.sdbor.edu/jobopps/locations/locations.cfm. Retrieved April 18, 2010. 
  171. ^ Vandrovec, Terry. Canaries now Fighting Pheasants [4] Argus Leader. February 18, 2010. (accessed 2010-2-19)
  172. ^ "About Augustana – City of Sioux Falls". Augustana College. http://www.augie.edu/about/sioux-falls. Retrieved December 21, 2008. 
  173. ^ "Rapid City Rush Hockey". Rapid City Visitors & Convention Bureau. http://vacations.visitrapidcity.inntopia.travel/aspnet/2.0/packageselect07.aspx?salesid=650555&packageid=3338&returnxml=0. Retrieved December 21, 2008. 
  174. ^ "SDSU approved for Division I membership". South Dakota State University. http://www.gojacks.com/ViewArticle.dbml?&DB_OEM_ID=15000&ATCLID=1498295&SPID=7147&SPSID=64578. Retrieved December 21, 2008. 
  175. ^ "South Dakota leaves North Central Conference for D-I". ESPN. http://sports.espn.go.com/ncaa/news/story?id=2680524. Retrieved December 21, 2008. 
  176. ^ Sun, Rebecca. Catching up with Billy Mills [5] Sports Illustrated. July 28, 2008.
  177. ^ "Oakland Athletics – Mark Ellis". ESPN. http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/players/profile?playerId=5086. Retrieved January 29, 2010. 
  178. ^ "Profile – Becky Hammon". Yahoo! Sports. http://sports.yahoo.com/wnba/players/289. Retrieved January 29, 2010. 
  179. ^ "Adam Vinatieri". Indianapolis Colts. http://www.colts.com/sub.cfm?page=bio&player_id=380. Retrieved September 2, 2009. 
  180. ^ "Adam Vinatieri". New England Patriots. http://www.patriots.com/team/index.cfm?ac=playerbio&bio=447. Retrieved December 21, 2008. 
  181. ^ "Economic Importance of Fishing". South Dakota Department of Game, Fish, and Parks. http://www.sdgfp.info/Wildlife/Economics/Fishingeconomics.htm. Retrieved December 21, 2008. 
  182. ^ "Economic Importance of Hunting". South Dakota Department of Game, Fish, and Parks. http://www.sdgfp.info/Wildlife/Economics/Huntingeconomics.htm. Retrieved December 21, 2008. 
  183. ^ "How many people hunt and fish in South Dakota?". South Dakota Department of Game, Fish, and Parks. http://www.sdgfp.info/Wildlife/Economics/Howmanyhuntandfish.htm. Retrieved December 21, 2008. 
  184. ^ "Fishing in South Dakota (Northeastern)". South Dakota Office of Tourism. http://www.travelsd.com/Outdoors/Fishing/Northeast-Region. Retrieved January 29, 2010. 
  185. ^ a b "Fishing in South Dakota (Central)". South Dakota Office of Tourism. http://www.travelsd.com/Outdoors/Fishing/Central-Region. Retrieved January 29, 2010. 
  186. ^ "Fishing in South Dakota (Western)". South Dakota Office of Tourism. http://www.travelsd.com/Outdoors/Fishing/Western-Region. Retrieved January 29, 2010. 
  187. ^ "George S. Mickelson Trail Guide". South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks. http://www.sdgfp.info/parks/regions/NorthernHills/MickelsonTrail/GSMTrailGuide.pdf. Retrieved January 29, 2010. 
  188. ^ "Course Info". Mount Rushmore Marathon. http://www.mtrushmoremarathon.com/new/Route/. Retrieved December 21, 2008. 
  189. ^ "Tour de Kota". Tour de Kota. http://www.tourdekota.com/. Retrieved June 25, 2009. 
  190. ^ "Signs and Symbols of South Dakota". State of South Dakota. http://www.state.sd.us/state/sdsym.htm. Retrieved January 3, 2008. 

Bibliography

Further reading

External links


 Montana  North Dakota
 Wyoming  Minnesota
   South Dakota: Outline • Index    
 Nebraska  Iowa
 State of South Dakota
Topics
Society
Regions
Larger cities
pop. over 5,000
Smaller cities
pop. over 1,000
Largest CDPs
pop. over 1,000
Counties
States
Federal district
Insular areas
Outlying islands
Preceded by
North Dakota		 List of U.S. states by date of statehood
Admitted on November 2, 1889 (40th)		 Succeeded by
Montana